The Orchidaceae, commonly known as the Orchid family, is a fascinating and well-loved plant species worldwide. Ever since 1731, humans have been captivated by orchids, and they continue to be a popular choice for houseplant enthusiasts and private collectors alike. This family boasts over 26,000 species and hybrids that possess an array of sizes, shapes, colors, forms, and growth requirements. Even the most knowledgeable experts and botanists find it challenging to classify them accurately. In fact, the only other family that comes close in terms of size and diversity is the Asteraceae family, which encompasses daisies and sunflowers. Given the vastness of this family, it is imperative to study each orchid type more closely before deciding on the best one for your garden space.
Orchids are a group of beautiful and diverse tropical flowers that can be found on all continents except Antarctica. They have been around for millions of years and come in different types and appearances. Some species prefer the tropics, while others thrive in shady forest floors or cool meadows. Orchids can grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials, and they can be used as indoor houseplants or outdoor plants depending on their preferences.
One of the most captivating features of orchids is their flowers. Despite their variations, they are bilaterally symmetrical, giving them an aesthetically pleasing appearance. Orchid flowers consist of three petals, three sepals, and a column that houses their reproductive structures. The column contains pollinia, which are clumps of pollen. The lip, which is the bottom petal, is usually showy and wide to attract pollinators.
Orchids also use deception to attract pollinators. They mimic butterflies, wasps, or even other plants to lure them in. Some orchids emit scents to attract pollinators, such as the foul odor of the Foul Giant orchid. Due to differences in flower construction, vegetative form, and growth habits, the Orchidaceae family is divided into subfamilies with specific characteristics.
Orchids are not only aesthetically pleasing to have in a household, but they also possess a plethora of benefits. Although orchids are widely known for their distinctive and vibrant flowers, they have been utilized for medicinal and cosmetic purposes across various regions. Juices and extracts from the roots, leaves, and flowers of orchids have been used to create perfumes, flavorings, washes, poultices, pastes, and dyes.
Orchids can be cultivated indoors on a sunny windowsill or in a hanging basket under a shaded porch. Alternatively, they can be grown outside in a bog garden or a humid greenhouse. The specific uses for orchids may vary depending on the particular species or hybrid that is being cultivated.
The history of cultivating orchids is abundant and diverse, with numerous ancient cultures utilizing them for their medicinal properties. Nowadays, orchids are highly sought after for their ornamental value and can be found in a variety of environments.
Orchids were originally found in tropical regions, but have been introduced to various parts of the world over time. The first non-native orchid, called Bletia purpurea, arrived in Western Europe from the Bahamas back in 1731. English greenhouses later received other orchids mostly from the West Indies, but many of these introductions failed due to people treating them as heat-loving plants. It took several years for Europeans to understand orchid cultivation and improve on it. Orchid cultivation has been practiced in China since the Han Dynasty, which began as early as 206 BC. However, orchid popularity did not spread among the common people until much later in the Tang Dynasty. Prior to that, orchids were mostly cultivated for private collections of Chinese nobility.
Thanks to the process of orchid hybridization, these stunning flowers are now more frequently seen in homes and greenhouses. In 1853, the first orchid hybrid was produced and researchers discovered how orchid seeds grow with the assistance of fungi that generate sugars and nutrients. Orchids were once viewed as symbols of wealth, however, developments in propagation and mass production have made them more widely available and economical. While some rare species can still be costly and difficult to find, this article can help you choose and look after your orchid by providing a starting point. For a deeper understanding of orchid history and culture, resources such as the American Orchid Society and The Book of Orchids are available. Understanding terms like epiphyte, lithophyte, terrestrial, pseudobulb, lip, column, and sepals will also aid in comprehending orchids. This article will give details on various unique and exquisite orchid species, their origins and how to cultivate them in your own garden or home.
The Cymbidium iridioides orchid is distinctive because of the markings on its leaves. This orchid variety has long-lasting flowers and leaf blades that resemble grass, with a base tinted yellow. Its petals are stunning, featuring brown stripes, an irregular frilly margin, and large red spots. The flowers have a gentle fragrance and are typically pollinated by Trigona bees, who collect a sticky, wax-like substance from the flower’s lip.
This orchid type is widely known in horticulture and has been crossbred with other varieties. It grows in damp forests, living as an epiphyte on mossy trees, rocks, and limestone cliffs.
If you wish to keep this orchid species as an indoor plant, remember that it requires more water during spring and summer. It thrives under bright but partial sunlight in the morning or late evening and prefers shade when blooming. Its flowers bloom from September to November and range from 3 to 4 inches in size.
Image credit: Eric in SF via Creative Commons (use permitted with attribution)
The impressive Grammatophyllum speciosum, commonly known as the Showy Tiger orchid, has earned the title of the world’s largest orchid due to its enormous size. While not the tallest, it is the biggest orchid species known to man. The plant’s distinct palm-like appearance comes from the lanceolate leaves that grow on cane-like pseudobulbs. The genus name of this orchid arises from the markings on the sepals and petals, with “gramma” meaning “letter” and “phyllon” meaning “leaf.” Meanwhile, the species name “speciosum” is Latin for “showy,” which reflects the significant and impressive flower display of this orchid. With large yellow sepals and petals that have chestnut-brown spots and blotches, the lips are pale yellow with some red. Sterile flowers found in the lower section of the inflorescence produce only fragrance as they lack a column or lip. These orchids are epiphytic and grow in wet forests near streams and rivers with hot temperatures. They can be kept indoors as houseplants but require high humidity levels and less water in cooler months. The blooming season of the Showy Tiger orchid ranges from July to December, requiring bright light, high humidity, and warmer temperatures. This species can be found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Dendrobium nobile is a variety of orchid that is characterized by a dark spot in the middle of its flower. It has been cultivated and used for medicinal purposes in various Asian cultures, resulting in some regions considering it endangered. The flowers of this species are usually white with purple tips and a lip that has a dark center surrounded by a yellow ring. Dendrobium nobile is an epiphytic plant that adapts well to monsoonal seasonal rains and winter droughts, but it can also survive on land. Before blooming, the plant loses all its leaves, much like during spring. This orchid thrives in broadleaf evergreen forests and mossy limestone rocks, making it a popular commercial trade item. It is found in areas such as the Himalayas, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. When grown indoors, this plant requires ample watering during growth and good drainage. It prefers mild to moderate temperatures and does not do well in cold environments. This plant flourishes in bright to filtered light and blooms 2 ⅜ to 3 inches in late winter to early spring, with the occasional possibility of producing two blooming seasons in a year.
The Laelia gouldiana, which is commonly known as the Halloween Orchid, is a plant species that possesses elongated or flattened pseudobulbs that cluster and have 2 or 3 lanceolate leaves at the top. What sets this orchid apart from other plants is its creeping horizontal stem or rhizome. Its inflorescence can bear up to 10 large, fragrant blooms. This epiphyte is typically found on oaks in high mountains. In Mexico, where it originates, it is often called “flor de muerto” or “flower of death” because it blooms around Halloween. The flower’s color ranges from bright purple to rosy-purple, with a tri-lobed lip that has a darker middle lobe and a yellow callus with red spots or stripes. Unfortunately, the flower has been over-collected from the wild for use in decorating graves for Day of the Dead, leading to its possible extinction in the wild. For those interested in cultivating this orchid, it requires ample watering during the growing season (Spring-Fall) and a dry rest period during Fall-Winter. It also thrives in moderate temperatures, needs a dry winter rest for optimal blooming, and requires sufficient humidity and good air circulation while being exposed to intermediate to bright light. This orchid is also known as the Tiger’s Mouth Orchid.
The Tiger’s Mouth Orchid, scientifically known as Rossioglossum grande (previously Odontoglossum grande), is a magnificent flower that attracts attention with its impressive appearance. It is named after its remarkable coloration and the pair of teeth in the center of its lip, which resembles a tiger’s mouth. In Spanish, it is called “boca del tigre” or “mouth of the tiger.” These orchids are commonly found in deciduous forests at higher elevations that experience seasonal dryness. The flowers have a large size, glossy finish, and bright yellow sepals and petals with reddish-brown barring that becomes more solid at the base.
Interestingly, these orchids mimic other common flowers that provide oil as a reward for pollination services provided by certain bee species, although they do not produce enough oil to act as a true reward. Despite this, the plant’s mimicry is successful. This species is an epiphyte, meaning it grows on other plants but does not harm them.
As a houseplant, the Tiger’s Mouth Orchid needs moderate temperatures and should never be left too dry or too waterlogged. It also requires a dry rest period during the winter. Its growth is best supported by a rapidly draining media and bright shade. This species typically blooms from November to January and can grow up to 7-9 inches.
The Nun Orchid, also known scientifically as Lycaste virginalis, is a stunning flower admired for its large triangular petals and enchanting aroma. However, this species is becoming increasingly rare in its natural habitat due to excessive exportation. While the colors of this orchid vary from pale purple to apricot, the most sought-after plants have pure white blooms. In Guatemala, it is regarded as the national flower and referred to as “Monja Blanca” or “White Nun.” The lip callus of the flower is yellow and shaped like a tongue. L. virginalis is a robust and adaptable plant that thrives in cooler temperatures, similar to its native environment at higher elevations. As an indoor plant, it requires frequent watering, but the soil must be barely damp before watering again. High humidity at night is also beneficial. It prefers moderate temperatures, bright shade, and occasional exposure to more sunlight during the winter if temperatures remain below 70 F. This plant blossoms from late spring to summer and typically grows to a height of six inches.
The Zygopetalum maculatum, also known as orchids, are breathtaking flowers that grow naturally on mountain slopes and ridges. These flowers thrive in shady areas near trees, producing one or more beautiful inflorescences per pseudobulb, which can carry up to 25 flowers. They have green petals and sepals with reddish spots and bars, and their lips have a single large lobe with purple and white veins. These orchids generally grow among wet, mossy areas with rocks and are sometimes found along roadside banks.
One unique feature of these flowers is the sweet fragrance they produce, which attracts male euglossine bees. A popular variety of this species is the Maui Jazz.
To cultivate these orchids as houseplants, they require humid conditions with a lot of water, particularly when the pseudobulbs have not yet formed. Once the pseudobulbs have formed, less water is needed. Their optimal growth temperature is around 70-75 degrees F, with approximately 70% shade. Some direct light in the early morning or late evening is acceptable. They typically bloom in September to October (Spring), but they can also flower throughout the year.
The Easter Orchid, also known as Earina autumnalis, is a beautiful plant that blooms during springtime and has a sweet yet powerful scent. The flowers of this orchid are white with orange or yellow markings on the lip and usually bloom around Easter. These orchids typically grow in lowland and mountainous forests as epiphytes on branches or trunks, or on rocky banks. The roots of the plant are fibrous rhizomes, and while the individual flowers are small, they form a panicle of up to 40 flowers. The fragrance of this plant is strong, making it easy to detect. In New Zealand, it is called “Raupeka.” This plant is a member of the Epidendroideae family and is commonly grown as a houseplant or greenhouse specimen. It requires moderate to high levels of care, prefers cool to warm temperatures, and thrives in high humidity and semi-shade conditions. Its flowers are about half an inch in size and bloom between February and May, which is fall in New Zealand.
The Aplectrum hyemale, commonly known as the Putty Root Orchid, is a beautiful plant that showcases its splendor for most of the year. It boasts of unique leaves and lovely flowers. After blooming, the plant produces an ovate leaf with silver streaks and a purple back in Autumn. During winter, it takes advantage of the bareness of deciduous leaf canopy above to produce energy through photosynthesis. The small flowers typically emerge in late spring, with 4 to 12 blooms, and the leaf withers as the plant blooms.
The flower of the Putty Root Orchid doesn’t seem to open completely. The petals and sepals are olive-colored, with dull plum-purple tips, while the lip has frilly margins, a white base, and a plum tip. This orchid gets its name from the underground corms that produce mucilage when crushed. Early Native Americans and European settlers used the mucilage as an adhesive to repair pottery and crockery. Native Americans also made paste and tea from the roots to treat boils and bronchial problems. The Putty Root Orchid is often found beneath beech and sugar maple trees and is terrestrial. It thrives in deciduous temperate woodlands and is also known as “Adam and Eve Root.”
This orchid is also suitable for a garden, where it can flourish in Zones 3-7. It prefers cool to warm temperatures and high humidity. During Autumn, Winter, and Spring, it requires filtered sunlight, but in Summer, the light exposure is not that important. The flowers of the Putty Root Orchid are approximately 1 ¼ to 1 ½ inches, and the leaves are absent during bloom, which occurs in May.
The Showy Orchid, also known by its scientific name Galearis spectabilis, is easily identified by its big leaves that emerge from a bulky root cluster and short rhizome during spring. These leaves are essential for absorbing sunlight that’s then used to produce the magnificent flower that can be pink or white. Some of the variants might have pink sepals and petals with pale yellow lips. The orchid plant’s inflorescence can bear more than ten blooms.
This terrestrial orchid grows best in moist calcareous woodlands, thickets, and old fields. It forms tightly clustered clumps by sprouting additional shoots. To make use of the sun, the leaves emerge before the forest canopy is full of leaves. The plant is indigenous to eastern North America, from Quebec to Alabama, and should be watered moderately without over-watering. It thrives in cool to warm temperatures and high humidity levels. For lighting requirements, it prefers shade to dappled sunlight. Blooming occurs from April to June (spring to early summer), making the Showy Orchid an excellent addition to shaded flower beds and bog gardens.
The Otoglossum brevifolium is a flowering plant that is native to South America. It features pear-shaped, smooth, flattened pseudobulbs with one stiff, leathery leaf. The plant produces a showy inflorescence of 12-18 blooms. It grows along the surface of soil, thanks to an elongated rhizome that lies between each pseudobulb. This species is typically found in rainforests and cloud forests, growing terrestrially on steep clay banks covered in leaf litter. The flowers have wavy, spreading chestnut-brown sepals with yellow edges. The petals have a thin yellow margin and a yellow lip with reddish-brown markings at the base. Otoglossum brevifolium belongs to the Epidendroideae family and can be found in northern and western parts of South America, ranging from Colombia to Peru. It can be grown as a houseplant, requiring moderate watering and good air movement. The plant thrives in warm temperatures and high humidity, but prefers bright shade. Its flowers bloom in late winter to early spring, measuring roughly 1 ¼ inches.
The Prosthechea cochleata, also known as the Cockleshell Orchid, is a unique plant species with upside-down flowers. It is the national flower of Belize and can bear up to twenty scentless flowers that open gradually over six months. This unusual flowering process can last up to 18 months because the flowers bloom sequentially, one fading as another opens. The Cockleshell Orchid is often grown for its long-lasting flowers, and its mucilage extracted from pseudobulbs is used as glue for repairing wooden objects.
This epiphyte is commonly found in tropical evergreen and deciduous oak forests and prefers warm temperatures, high humidity, moderate diffuse light, and moist but not wet conditions. Its natural habitat ranges from the Caribbean region (including Florida where it’s endangered) and Mexico to northern South America. The sepals and petals of this plant’s flowers are greenish-yellow, twisted, and downward-pointing, while the lip is upright, hoodlike, and yellow with bold reddish-purple stripes that fuse at the margins. The column is wide and has purple spots at the base.
The Cockleshell Orchid variety called ‘Hihimanu’ is popular among enthusiasts. These orchids make excellent houseplants and can grow up to three inches throughout the year. In nature, the wasps pollinate these flowers, making them an essential part of their ecosystem.
The Pink Lady Slipper orchid, scientifically identified as Cypripedium acaule, is a lovely wildflower that has been used for medicinal purposes for many years. Its appearance includes two basal leaves with parallel veins and a large flower on top of its erect stem. The color of the flower ranges from magenta to whitish-pink, white with darker pink veins, or very occasionally, pure white. The Pink Lady Slipper orchid is also known as “moccasin flower” because it resembles women’s shoes.
Traditionally, this orchid’s roots have been utilized as a remedy for nervousness, tooth pain, and muscle spasms. It served as a substitute for valerian root because of its sedative properties. These plants can live up to twenty years or more in their natural habitat, which is mixed hardwood coniferous forests of pine and hemlock on rocky/mossy slopes or semi-open areas in deep humus. They thrive in acidic well-drained soils under birch and other deciduous trees.
It is essential to mention that it is discouraged to collect this species from the wild. However, one can move a plant from their property to their garden. Still, it is crucial to handle these plants with care as they do not transplant easily. The Pink Lady Slipper orchid thrives in moderate temperatures, high humidity, and shade to part shade, blooming from May to July.
The Calopogon tuberosus, commonly known as the Grass Pink Orchid, is a plant that can produce a significant number of flowers, around 10 or more, on every spike. It is characterized by its slim form, narrow leaves, and underground corm. The orchid’s genus name translates to “beautiful beard,” which refers to the bright yellow hairs found on the flower’s lip, serving as a mimic for pollen and attracting pollinators.
Although this orchid species mimics another orchid called American Dragon Mouth, it cannot hybridize with it because of the differences in pollen placement on bumblebees. While American Dragon Mouths deposit pollen on the top of the thorax of bees, Grass Pinks deposit pollen on the abdomen.
Grass Pink Orchids grow terrestrially and are commonly found in bogs, meadows, savannas, swamps, and seepage slopes. Their blooms are bright pink-purple and can be seen from April to July, during springtime each year. When grown outside, they prefer moderate temperatures and high humidity levels. They can be exposed to full or partial sun exposure and are usually grown in bog gardens or pots. This particular orchid species can be found in Eastern North America, ranging from Canada to Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba.
Phalaenopsis spp., commonly known as Moon Orchids, are a popular type of orchid that beginners in orchid culture often grow. These moth orchids have aerial roots that have the ability to photosynthesize and produce green pigment through chlorophyll production. They come in various colors such as pink, green, purple/lavender, white, and combinations of these colors. Most species have long-lasting flowers and some have a pleasant scent. The leaves are thick and fleshy, with 3 to 6 leaves per plant. Notable species include P. equestris with purple flowers and P. schilleriana with whitish-pink flowers and variegated leaves. Moon Orchids prefer warm temperatures, ranging from 65°F at night to 85-90°F during the day. They require moderate watering when almost dry and thrive well in 50% humidity. They prefer shade to dappled sunlight and usually bloom from late winter to spring.
Vanilla, a well-known plant, is famous for its beans that are used to produce vanilla extract and flavoring. Vanilla planifolia is the scientific name of this commercially important orchid that is native to tropical regions. The plant requires support from trees to grow properly, as it belongs to the vine orchid family. Although wasps in Mexico pollinate its flowers naturally, hand pollination is necessary when they are grown in large numbers. This particular species contributes 95 percent of the world’s commercially produced vanilla pods. The vanilla orchid is usually found in lowland tropical forests and is considered a terrestrial plant but can also climb trees. Its flowers are usually yellow or greenish and last only for a day, but the plant blooms frequently. To ensure optimal growth, it is recommended to keep the orchids outdoors, provide them with above-average warmth, bright light, but shade from summer sun, and water frequently with 2 1/2-inch spacing throughout the year.
The epiphytic orchid, scientifically known as Cattleya coccinea and formerly called Sophronitis coccinea, grows on mossy surfaces. It has a distinctive appearance with a big flower and a group of pseudobulbs which each have one leathery base leaf. The leaves have midveins that are colored red. A single, long-lasting scarlet flower emerges from the bottom of every leaf. This type of orchid is frequently used for hybridization to make larger, more vibrant red variations. C. coccinea can be found in Atlantic rainforests growing on mossy rocks or moss-covered trees. The blooms are a stunning red-orange color occasionally tinged with yellow and marked with yellow inside the lip. ‘Wild Fire’ is a hybrid created by crossing C. coccinea with C. wittigana which produces pinkish-red flowers. This plant is typically grown indoors and requires high water during growth periods and low water during rest periods. It fares well in humid environments with intermediate to bright light and good air movement. The flowers grow 1 ½ to 3 inches and bloom from November to May.
The Ludisia discolor, or commonly known as the Common Jewel Orchid, is a plant species that has reddish-brown leaves with pinkish-white veins that resemble jewels. It has spirally arranged leaves that grow from rhizomes and can produce 10 to 25 flowers in its inflorescence. The ovaries of the flowers are woolly, and the pinkish bracts are described as “hairy.” Its white sepals have one hooded sepal that covers the yellow common and white curved lip, while the twisted column forms a hook at the tip. This species can be found growing naturally in evergreen lowland forests or near streams in shady areas. It can also grow lithophytically on rocky substrates. When grown as a potted plant, it requires high water during growth and low water during rest periods. The plant needs even moisture with high humidity throughout the year and should be placed in shady to medium light areas with no direct sunlight. Its flowers typically bloom from February to April and measure about ⅝ inch in size.
The genus Oncidium spp., commonly referred to as “dancing ladies,” is a group of approximately 300 species of orchids. The name is derived from the petals and sepals, which are unfurled and resemble women dancing in large, yellow dresses. These orchids are highly sought after and among the largest orchids available. However, their unique characteristics have caused some confusion in regards to taxonomy. They are primarily epiphytes and can be found in various habitats. Their inflorescences are long, branched, and contain many flowers that are upright or drooping, and come in colors ranging from yellow to brown, often with dark brown markings or blotches. They are originally from the Neotropics of Central and South America and are commonly grown as indoor plants. During the warm season, they should be watered once a week and watering should be decreased during the cold season. They thrive in warm daytime temperatures up to 80°F and a minimum low temperature of 55°F. They should be placed in an area with indirect or bright light, and their care requirements may differ.
The Fried Egg Orchid, scientifically known as Dendrobium chrysotoxum, is a plant with medicinal properties that is commonly found in Southeast Asia. One of its most notable characteristics is its sweet fragrance that resembles honey. The plant produces clusters of 20 or more flowers on a single stem, which are collected and dried to make a tea that is said to promote restful sleep. Meanwhile, the leaves of the plant are used to treat diabetes-related ailments.
Fried Egg Orchids thrive in areas with monsoonal climates that experience heavy rainfall during spring and summer. These wet-dry cycles significantly impact the plant’s growth and flowering. Unfortunately, the plant’s flowers only last for a short period of seven to ten days. These blooms vary in color but are generally bright yellow-orange or dark orange with a reddish-brown spot in the center of the lip.
These plants are natural epiphytes and can be found in countries such as Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, China, eastern Himalayas, Bangladesh, and the State of Assam in India. To ensure proper growth of the Fried Egg Orchid, it is important to provide it with enough water during the growing season, while keeping it dry during the resting period. Moderate temperatures, humid and moist climates are ideal for these orchids. They also require bright, filtered light, but not direct sunlight. The plant usually blooms between late winter and early spring and grows up to 1 ½ to 2 inches.
The Laelia speciosa is a cultivar that can bring a burst of color to any garden. It is commonly known as the Mayflower Orchid and is highly sought after by orchid enthusiasts due to its stunning, large, and strongly-scented bright pink/purple flowers. The plant has short, round pseudobulbs with one or two fleshy purple-tinged leaves. At the end of the season, the old pseudobulb will wither, and a new inflorescence will form from the newly developing pseudobulb. In its native habitat, the plant grows in dry, open oak forests high in elevation, and as an epiphyte on mossy branches, naturally exposed to cool weather and occasional frosts. However, it may take 16 to 19 years for the plant to mature.
The Laelia speciosa is also known as the “flor de todos santos” or “all-saints flower” in Mexico, where a starchy paste made from its pseudobulbs is traditionally used to make candy mixed with sugar, lemon juice, and egg white for the Day of the Dead. Unfortunately, the plant is threatened in the wild due to overharvesting for horticultural and religious purposes.
The Big Lip Orchid, scientifically known as Miltonia spectabilis, is a standout plant due to its vibrant veins that make it different from other orchids. It has earned the name “spectabilis” which means “remarkable” in Latin, referring to its unique feature. The flowers of this orchid look like those of the Oncidium genus and are formed for pollination by oil-collecting bees but do not produce oil. The colors of the flowers range from pink to lavender, with a large, broad lip featuring purple veins and a yellow callus at the front of the column. These plants prefer damp forests and are commonly found in southeastern Brazil. As a houseplant, they should be allowed to dry out between waterings, with temperatures ranging from 75 to 85 F during the day and 60 to 65 F at night. They grow best in partial sunlight and can reach heights of up to 4 inches during the summer.
Slipper Orchids, also known as Paphiopedilum spp, have a unique slipper-shaped lip in their flowers that give them their name. Although other orchid species are also called “lady’s slippers”, this particular type earned its name because of its distinct shape. The name Paphiopedilum comes from the Greek city of Paphos, which had a temple dedicated to Venus, and the word “pedilon”, meaning sandal. These plants mostly grow terrestrially and have fans of six or more leaves. Some species may have warts or hairs on their single or multiple flowers.
Growing slipper orchids is easy, which makes them popular among hobbyists. However, note that all plants are either collected or grown from seed, as the collection of wild plants may be illegal. These orchids are native to tropical Asia and can be grown indoors as houseplants or outside in mild climates. They require frequent watering and thrive in temperatures between 40°F and 95°F. They prefer low light, so if their leaves start to develop a reddish tinge, they may need more shade.
The Cattleya trianae, also known as the Christmas Orchid, is an exquisite flower that is found in a variety of colors such as lavender or blue, yellow, and red. It is the national flower of Colombia and is typically found in wet lowland and cloud forests of the Colombian Andes. The colors of this orchid are similar to that of the Colombian flag. It was named after Jose Jeronimo Triana, a renowned Colombian botanist. This plant grows up to 8 inches tall and produces 3 to 14 flowers on each inflorescence. The fragrance of this orchid is commonly used in the perfume industry. In the 20th century, it was often used as a cut flower for corsages. In order to take care of this plant, ensure that the medium dries out between 60 to 80 percent before watering and maintain high humidity levels. The ideal temperature for this plant is between 60 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit and it needs bright, indirect light. The leaves of the plant will be lime green when the light level is adequate. The flowering season for this plant is from winter to early spring.
The Dracula simia orchid, commonly known as the Monkey Orchid, gets its name from its striking resemblance to a monkey’s face. The orchid produces flowers that face downwards and have a central structure that looks like the face of a monkey. Its Latin species name “simia” further reinforces this resemblance. The orchid has hairy, warty flowers with rounded lips that resemble the gills found on the underside of mushrooms. It produces long-tailed blooms that hang below its foliage, with reddish-brown sepals and small, dark-colored petals.
The Dracula simia orchid is pollinated by fungus gnats in its natural habitat, which is the cloud forests where it grows as an epiphyte. It thrives in wet and cool conditions and is often cultivated by hobbyists and collectors. To care for this orchid, it is important to keep it in bright shade and water it frequently while ensuring it does not dry out. The orchid prefers cooler temperatures and higher humidity and typically grows up to six inches in height, blooming in the spring, fall, and winter.
The Dove Orchid, also known as the Holy Ghost Orchid, has a unique appearance with its soft, white petals that resemble a dove sitting on a nest. Its scientific name is Peristeria elata and it is a native plant of Central and Northwestern South America, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. It grows in humid, deciduous mountain forests, shaded grasslands, or on rocky outcrops. The orchid produces a rigid, erect inflorescence that contains 10 to 15 waxy flowers with a strong fragrance. Its lip is designed to propel bees against the column, collecting pollen as they struggle to get free.
The Holy Ghost Orchid can grow as either terrestrial, lithophytic, or epiphytic on the base of mossy tree trunks. It is also the national flower of Panama. To cultivate the plant, it should be kept in medium light, a filtered environment with high humidity, and watered frequently after pseudobulbs have grown. It is important to let the plant dry before watering again. The preferred temperature range for the orchid is between 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and it blooms in July to August, reaching up to 2 inches in size. Overall, the Holy Ghost Orchid is a beautiful and unique addition to any garden or collection.
The Northeastern Butterfly Orchid, also referred to as Psychopsis papilio, is a striking orchid that resembles a butterfly due to its large flowers. The top sepal looks like an antenna while the lateral petals and sepals look like wings. Even though it was previously believed to be pollinated by male butterflies, it is actually pollinated by bees. Its flowers are yellow with red blotching, and the lip is broad and encircled with ocher and a wide, yellow center. These orchids bloom sequentially, with each flower lasting approximately ten days. The inflorescences can bloom for many years, and the plant prefers moderate watering and does not require a dormant period. It is a native epiphyte of lower mountainous wet forests and can be grown as an indoor plant. It favors moderate to bright light and high humidity with an ideal temperature range of 60-80°F. Under bright light, the flowers will be smaller, but under shady conditions, there will be fewer flowers. It can grow up to six inches and blossoms throughout the year.
Coelogyne pandurata, also known as the Black Fiddle Orchid, is a captivating flowering plant that blooms for almost an entire year. This orchid species features remarkable yellowish-green sepals and petals, a large greenish lip adorned with black spots and stripes, and a fiddle or lute-like shape with ridges, knobs, keels, and a frilly margin. It can produce up to 15 blooms on one inflorescence, which exudes a strong honey fragrance.
C. pandurata grows as an epiphytic climber in its natural habitat, thriving in tropical wet forests or areas near streams. However, when grown as a houseplant, it requires constant watering with good drainage throughout the year. It has high watering needs, preferring intermediate temperatures ranging from 55 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit and shade with good air movement. The plant typically grows up to 3 inches and mostly blooms in the summer.
The Vanda coerulea, popularly known as the Blue Vanda, is a distinctive-looking orchid that was discovered by William Griffith in 1847. Its checkered blue blooms caused quite a sensation, prompting numerous expeditions to retrieve this orchid and other plants from its native habitats in Assam and Khasi Hills of India, Yunnan Province in China, Myanmar, and northern Thailand. Many cultivated hybrids of V. coerulea owe their vibrant blue and purple hues to the Blue Vanda.
Besides its stunning appearance, the Blue Vanda has medicinal properties. The juice extracted from its flowers has been used to create eyedrops for treating glaucoma and cataracts. Additionally, research has revealed that extracts from the Blue Vanda can be utilized in anti-aging skin treatments.
Vanda orchids are epiphytes, meaning they naturally grow on exposed deciduous trees, especially dwarf oak. Many species of Vanda, including V. coerulea, have been crossbred with Asocentrum species to produce Ascocenda.
To maintain the Blue Vanda as a houseplant, it requires frequent watering (daily) and prefers temperatures between 60 and 80 F, as well as high humidity. It also thrives in bright light. The Blue Vanda typically produces flowers that are 4 to 4 ¾ inches long from September to November (Fall).
The Aerides multiflora, commonly called the Pink Foxtail Orchid, is a beautiful plant that exhibits long-lasting blooms and emits a sweet scent. The inflorescence can produce 25 to 50 white flowers with pink spots or solid rosy-lavender ones. Please note that the term “foxtail orchids” is often used to refer to the genus Aerides, not Rhynchostylis. The Pink Foxtail Orchid is known to possess medicinal value in Nepal and is used as a tonic for skin diseases and wounds. It’s an epiphyte that’s typically found in deciduous and semi-deciduous forests. It has high watering requirements and prefers intermediate temperatures between 60 and 80 F with high humidity. It thrives in bright light and produces flowers that are roughly ¾ inch in size from late Spring to early Summer.
The Foxtail Orchid, scientifically named Rhynchostylis gigantea, is an impressive flower available in a variety of colors. It boasts of an elongated cluster of 15-20 blooms that exudes a sweet scent. The color palette includes white, pink, wine, rose, and peach, thus creating a breathtaking sight complemented with its warm fragrance. Due to their similarities, the Foxtail Orchid is often mistaken for the Aerides genus, earning it the moniker “foxtail orchid.” It is a natural epiphyte found in Southeast Asia and the Philippines and is best suited as an indoor plant. Being high-maintenance, it requires a lot of watering, but one must be careful not to overwater it. It thrives under moderate temperatures from 60-80 F and high humidity. The Foxtail Orchid can withstand moderate light conditions and blooms during January and February, with each flower measuring ¾ to 1 ½ inches.
Brassia orchids are also known as spider orchids because they resemble spiders. The shape of their long and narrow sepals and petals is similar to that of a spider. They grow naturally as epiphytes, and their flowers are large and come in colors ranging from white to light brown, often with dark brown spots and blotches. These orchids are pollinated by female wasps, which mistake the flower for a spider and try to sting its lip callus. This is because wasps usually paralyze spiders by stinging them and lay their eggs on them, and the hatching larvae consume the spider as their first meal. This leads to incidental pollination of the Brassia orchid. These orchids belong to the Epidendroideae family and can be found in countries such as the Caribbean, Mexico, Florida, Brazil, and Bolivia. They make excellent houseplants, and they require moderate watering, especially during the cooler parts of the year. They prefer intermediate temperatures between 60 to 80 F, high humidity, and bright, filtered light.
Bulbophyllum grandiflorum, commonly known as the Foul Giant Orchid, is an extraordinary type of orchid due to its unpleasant odor. It belongs to the Bulbophyllum genus, which is recognized as one of the most extensive genera of orchids. The plants feature egg-shaped pseudobulbs with a single oblong leaf and produce a single flower in their inflorescence. This flower emits an extremely foul scent that is believed to attract flies for pollination, similar to other species within the Bulbophyllum genus.
The flowers of the Foul Giant Orchid are very distinctive, with cream to tan sepals with reddish-purple spots that bend forward to cover the flower. The flower’s shape is almost reminiscent of a duck’s head. This orchid species can be naturally found in rainforests, where it grows as an epiphyte on lower limbs or trunks.
The Foul Giant Orchid requires frequent watering and thrives under wet conditions. Additionally, it needs warmer temperatures of at least 65 F at night and moderate to bright light. Its blooming season occurs from April to May or during the fall season in its natural habitat of Eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.
The Arundina graminifolia, also known as the Bamboo Orchid, has earned its name due to its stem resembling that of bamboo. This terrestrial species is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and belongs to the Epidendroideae family. However, it has spread beyond gardens and can now be found in various locations such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Hawaii, and Reunion. It is a quick colonizer of fresh lava flows and can grow naturally in exposed situations, rocks, and meadows. The tall reed-like stem of the Bamboo Orchid bears up to six fragrant flowers with bright purple petals and a yellow central spot on the column. These showy flowers open successively and are often grown for ornamental purposes in tropical gardens.
To thrive, Bamboo Orchids require frequent watering and wet conditions. Optimal growth requires full sun exposure and warmer temperatures, with a minimum night temperature of 60 F. While these orchids typically bloom from December to January, they can bloom throughout the year.
Cymbidium orchids go into a semi-dormant state during winter, but their flowers still last for an impressive length of time. These orchids are part of the Cymbidium genus, which includes roughly 100 species, but only a small number of these are used for horticultural purposes. The modern hybrids are derived from just ten species of Cymbidium found in mountainous regions throughout Asia with high elevations. The Oriental varieties of Cymbidium are highly prized for their beauty and fragrance, often planted in deep pots since their roots grow downwards rather than branching out. During winter, these orchids are mostly terrestrial and semi-dormant. They are especially valued for their long-lasting flowers, which are commonly used as cut flowers. To ensure healthy growth, it’s best to place them in bright but cool locations. The ideal temperature range is between 40°F and 85°F, and they require bright light, although full sun should be avoided all day, except in mild climates. When flowering, it’s important to add some shade to prevent the blooms from fading. During the summer, water them well, but allow the soil to dry out completely between waterings. The blooming season varies, falling anywhere between fall and spring.
The Lady of the Night Orchid, scientifically referred to as the Brassavola nodosa, is a fragrant orchid that blooms at night and emits a sweet scent from clusters of 4 to 12 flowers. The petals and sepals of the flowers appear spidery and are green to whitish-cream in color, while the lip of the flower is tube-shaped, large, and flares into a heart shape with occasional reddish spots on the throat. While this orchid may bloom several times a year, it typically flowers during fall or winter and requires temperatures above 55 degrees F to do so. The leaves of the Lady of the Night orchid are round and resemble clusters of pencils, giving the trees where they grow an appearance similar to shag carpeting. Epiphytes in nature, these orchids naturally grow in seasonally dry forests near the coast. If you have successfully grown Cattleya orchids or Laelia orchids, then cultivating the Lady of the Night orchid should be no problem since the growth requirements are very similar. To grow this orchid successfully, water it during active growth periods and reduce water and humidity during rest periods. It requires high humidity, temperatures between 60F and 85F, and medium light. Typically, Lady of the Night orchids grow up to four inches and bloom all year round.
Dactylorhiza spp, commonly known as Wild Hyacinths, are a type of orchid that resembles hyacinths. They are found in marshes, grasslands, and woodlands throughout Europe and are terrestrial plants with finger-shaped roots or tubers. They produce brightly colored inflorescences and are relatively easy to grow. However, there is ongoing debate among experts regarding the classification of this genus due to natural hybridization.
Marsh orchids are typically found in boreal and temperate zones, with few occurrences in Mediterranean areas. In their natural habitat, they prefer full sun and heavy clay soils found near quarries, railway lines, species-rich grasslands, limestone, and sand-dunes. Some types of marsh orchids also thrive in light woodlands. These orchids do well in moderate humidity and temperatures between 50F and 75F and are suitable for garden or outdoor potting in USDA Zones 5 to 8. Woodland species prefer full sun to light shade, and they usually bloom during the summer season.
The Egret Flower is an orchid that resembles a silver heron or egret. Its scientific name is Pecteilis radiata (syn. Habenaria radiata). The orchid’s lip is fringed and feathery, giving it the appearance of an egret, and it produces 2-3 white flowers on each stem. The flower gives off a nocturnal fragrance and is considered a beginner’s windowsill orchid, with foliage that looks like grass. It is widely cultivated in Asia for the potted flower market. In its natural habitat, the Egret Flower thrives in forest glades near mountainous forests that are boggy during the rainy season. Both in nature and on a windowsill, the Egret Flower can be short-lived since it is naturally terrestrial.
The Egret Flower is classified under Orchidoideae and grows in temperate regions of China, Japan, Korea, and eastern Russia. It can be grown as a houseplant, garden plant, or outdoor pot in USDA Zones 7 to 9. The orchid requires moderate to high humidity, temperatures between 50°F and 75°F, and full sun to part shade. The flowering period of the Egret Flower is from late spring to early summer, and its stem arises from a pea-sized tuber.
The Lycaste aromatica orchid is a versatile plant that is known for its strong cinnamon fragrance. It can produce up to 10 yellow flowers that emerge from a pseudobulb without any leaves. This orchid is named after the daughter of King Priam of Troy, Lycaste. Its cinnamon scent is used to attract male bees searching for mates. These deciduous plants have long-lasting flowers that wither away, causing their leaves to dry up and fall. During this period, they require less water. Although they are found in seasonally dry forests, they prefer to live in moist environments such as mossy trees or damp limestone cliffs. The Lycaste aromatica orchid is native to Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. It is a favorite houseplant that needs moderate to high humidity and temperatures between 50°F and 75°F. It thrives in bright shade and can tolerate more sun during winter as long as the temperature stays cool. It blooms during late spring to summer, producing 3-inch flowers.
The Dendrobium victoriae-reginae, commonly referred to as Queen Victoria Blue Orchid, is an exquisite flower that originates from the Philippines. It grows naturally in oak forests, blending with other plants such as rhododendrons, myrtles, and azaleas. The orchid produces a cluster of 2-5 lilac blue flowers that resemble the rhododendron. As an epiphyte, it flourishes on other plants, and it was named after Queen Victoria, who was in power when it was discovered.
Queen Victoria Blue Orchids require specific conditions for growth, including warm days, cool nights, high humidity, and a distinct dormant period. They are attractive to butterflies and birds and belong to the Pedilonum section of the genus, which is known for its vibrant colors. These orchids can thrive both indoors and outdoors in USDA Zones 10 to 12. During the growing season, they need adequate watering, while in the rest period, the plants should be allowed to dry out. They require bright light and proper ventilation and bloom between April and May in spring, flowering almost continually throughout the year.
The Ghost Orchid, also known as Dendrophylax lindenii, is a unique and uncommon plant that possesses photosynthetic roots and lacks leaves. Its flowers are white to greenish-white and resemble a frog, giving it the name Ghost Orchid. The plant grows on the host tree, creating a mass that gives rise to its genus name, Dendrophylax. The Giant Sphinx Moth is believed to be the pollinator of this species. Unfortunately, the Ghost Orchid is endangered due to over-collection and loss of habitat in Florida, so legal measures are in place to protect it. This species of orchid does not thrive as a houseplant and prefers lower elevation rainforests in swamps with high humidity and temperatures between 60 F and 80 F. The best way to enjoy this orchid is in its natural environment by watering it daily until it is saturated and exposing it to moderate light. It typically blooms between July and September and grows to a height of 3 ½ to 6 inches.
The Coelogyne cristata or Crested Snow Orchid is a stunning flower with broad, flaring lips and white sepals and petals. This orchid can grow into a large plant with hundreds of blooms provided that it receives proper care. It is no wonder Kurseong, a town in India where the Crested Snow Orchid is native, is also known as the “land of the white orchids.” Its beauty is further enhanced by its delightful fragrance. The C. cristata thrives in cool mountainous areas with moss and requires constant moisture throughout the day. It is best kept as a houseplant and prefers moderate temperatures, although it can tolerate lower temperatures. This orchid needs shade to part shade but requires good air movement. During late winter or early spring, its flowers typically reach a size of four inches.
The Cattleya Orchid is a well-known and admired type of orchid. This group of orchids was once frequently used for corsages, earning them the nickname, “Queen of the Orchids.” Cattleya orchids come in almost every color except blue, and their stunning blooms are often both fragrant and showy, lasting for several weeks. The lip of the flower is particularly striking as it contrasts with the rest of the bloom. These orchids have few requirements for growth and can be grown almost anywhere in the world with reasonable care. In their natural habitat, they are predominantly found growing epiphytically or lithophytically. Many hybrids have been created using this species, including miniature Cattleyas, also known as “minicatts,” which are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to grow easily on windowsills and their smaller size. Cattleya orchids require high humidity and watering during the growing season and thrive in humid climates between 55F and 80F, with intermediate to bright light and good air movement. They have the potential to rebloom within the year, making them a beloved choice among orchid enthusiasts.
The Sparkling Jewel Orchid, scientifically known as Macodes petola, is a stunning orchid that boasts beautiful foliage with striking veins. While its flowers are not as impressive, the fully bloomed plant is still a sight to see. This orchid has a rosette-shaped leaf formation with silvery veins that glisten in the light. It is a creeping plant that uses rhizomes and is commonly found in lowland and lower mountainous forests.
According to legend, squeezing the juice of the Sparkling Jewel Orchid’s leaves on one’s eyes can improve writing skills since its leaf veins resemble writing. This species can be found in various locations, including Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
Proper care is crucial when taking care of this houseplant. The Sparkling Jewel Orchid requires moderate to high watering needs and should never be allowed to dry out. Additionally, it thrives in humid climates between 60°F and 80°F and prefers to be kept in shaded areas. Propagation can be achieved by using stem cuttings measuring about ⅜ inch long at any time of the year.
Phaius orchids are a type of plant that boasts a range of colors including white, purple, magenta, and yellow. There are around 50 species within the Phaius genus, which are known for their sturdy growth from pseudobulbs and short rhizomes. These plants can be either terrestrial or epiphytic and have inflorescences that can grow up to 4 feet in height. While they are not recommended for windowsills due to their large leaves, these plants can be propagated by cutting the flower stem above the base and below each bract. When the stems are laid flat on damp sphagnum moss, roots will take hold and new plants will grow. However, it takes between 2 to 3 years for these plants to flower using this method. One well-known species of Phaius is the Greater Swamp Orchid (P. tankervilleae), which was traditionally used to extract indigo for dyeing clothes and as poultices for infected sores. This species has been recorded to escape cultivation and become invasive in Hawaii and Florida. Phaius orchids thrive in outdoor gardens in USDA zones 9 to 12 and require plenty of water during their growth period. In cooler conditions, they should be kept dry but in humid climates, moderate to bright filtered light is best.
The Spotted Bull, also known as the Stanhopea tigrina orchid, is a fascinating flower that has a distinctive appearance and a sweet fragrance that attracts bees. These flowers bloom between July and October and have a creamy yellow color with dark purplish-brown markings that vary in size and shape, ranging from small spots to blotches. The name “tigrina” comes from the tiger-like stripes on the large flowers, while some people say that the flower’s shape resembles a bird of prey with its talons extended. This orchid species grows in seasonal wet forests and is an epiphyte that can be cultivated in a greenhouse or outdoor baskets, providing that the temperature does not drop below 52 F at night. During the growth phase, the plant requires plenty of water but should be kept dry when temperatures are cooler. It thrives in high humidity levels and can tolerate temperatures between 65 F and 85 F. For the best growth, keep it under filtered or bright sunlight.
Masdevallia spp. is a type of orchid that has over 300 species, most of which are epiphytic. These plants thrive in high elevations and cool temperatures. Their flowers come in various colors, such as red, white, and purple, and can range from less than an inch to over a foot in diameter. Usually, these plants only produce one flower per inflorescence, except for some species. The sepals of Masdevallia spp. flowers create a narrow, bell-shaped tube by uniting at the base.
To take care of your Masdevallia spp., it’s essential to water them frequently as they don’t have pseudobulbs and shouldn’t get too dry. These orchids prefer moderate temperatures, preferably between 55°F and 80°F, and bright but shaded areas. However, specific requirements may vary depending on the plant species.
If your orchid isn’t flowering, it may be due to incorrect lighting. If your plant has been shaded for some time, consider exposing it to more light. Some orchids require a resting period to stimulate blooming. If your orchid isn’t flowering, despite being in bright light, it may need a resting period. You can provide a resting period to your plant by reducing its water intake, subjecting it to cooler temperatures or placing it in the shade. It’s crucial to research your plant species’ specific growth requirements and native habitat to offer the best possible care.
When purchasing orchids, it’s always best to buy them from reputable growers such as specialty nurseries or botanical gardens/plant groups. If you’re unsure about your orchid’s care, it’s wise to consult your local botanical garden or orchid society. These resources can provide valuable information and connect you with experts who can offer useful advice.
